Selection for resistance to two neurotoxic pesticides in Tribolium castaneum

In a given set of genetically diverse populations, will exposure to a similar environment or selective pressure lead to adaptive convergence or parallelism at the genetic level, or is it more likely that each population will evolve unique genetic solutions to adapt to the environment? We selected for resistance to two different pesticides in three distinct red flour beetle populations and quantified changes in gene expression between control- and pesticide-regime populations under control and pesticide conditions.