Abiotic factors modify ponderosa pine regeneration outcomes after high-severity fire

<p>Large high-severity burn patches are increasingly common in southwestern US dry conifer forests. Seed-obligate conifers often fail to quickly regenerate large patches because their seeds rarely travel the distances required to reach the core patch area. Abiotic factors may further alter the distance seeds can travel to regenerate a patch, which would change expected post-fire regeneration patterns. We used the presence and density of ponderosa pine regeneration as a proxy for seed dispersal to quantify the effect of abiotic factors on seed dispersal into high-severity patches. We established 45 transects in burn patches across the Gila National Forest, NM, USA to measure regeneration density in areas that varied by aspect, slope, and prevailing wind direction relative to intact forest. We modeled the effect of abiotic features on regeneration presence and density, comparing density estimates against a distance-only model to assess differences in model performance and expected regeneration density. We found the highest regeneration densities on north-facing aspects that were near, downwind, and downslope of intact forest, which decreased in density and likelihood as conditions for seed dispersal became less favorable. Accounting for abiotic factors improved model performance and increased regeneration density estimates compared to the distance-only model. Our findings indicate that regeneration presence and density vary as a function of the interaction between abiotic factors and distance to the primary seed source, which is determined by patch characteristics. Therefore, abiotic factors will have a smaller effect on regeneration outcomes in large, simple patches, which have more area further from the patch edge.</p>